CHALLENGES FACING INDIA

CHALLANGES FACING INDIA

1. Explain the various steps taken by the Govt to eradicate illiteracy.

            To remove illiteracy the Central and State Governments have made planned and systematic efforts to expand educational opportunities to all citizens. Further, education is made fundamental right

*.All the State governments in India have made primary education free and compulsory for all children upto the age of 14.

* The govt announced the National Policy on Education in 1986 to universalise primary education with stress on adult and women’s education.

            * Steps are taken to create interest among the parents. Community programmes are taken up to increase awareness among the parents of the need for child education.

            * Projects like Vidya Vikas, Akshara Dasoha and Ksheera Yojana have been taken up by the Karnataka govt.

            * Other schemes such as adult education, informal system of education and National Literacy Drive havebeen started.

            * The Central Government has launched Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

            * Under the provision of the 73^rd and 74^th constitutional amendments, pubic communities are to be involved.

            * Providing monetary incentives and improved basic amenitis.

            * In this direction, propaganda is undertaken in all districts and provision is made for mid-day meal, free text books, stationary and conveyance for girls.

2. What are the programmes envisaged to achieve universalisation of primary education?

            The programmes envisaged for achieving universalisation of primary education are:

·         providing buildings, drinking water etc

·         strict measures are to be taken to see that all children above six years of age are sent to school

·         Various steps to make schools attractive for children & to prevent them from dropping out of school in the middle.

·         Importance to be given to pre-primary education.

·         Much stress on education of girls.

·         Improved and attractive methods of instruction at primary level

·         Alternative system of education to students who are not in a position to attend regular schools

3. What is regionalism? Why does regionalism arise?

            Regionalism is an exclusive attachment or loyalty to one’s own region or state.

            Regions have developed distinct identities in terms of language, culture, customs and traditions. Sometimes people living in a particular region have a tendency to glorify their own culture and look down upon other cultures.

4. Why is regionalism dangerous?

            If regionalism is allowed to grow beyond a limit then the idea of India as a nation will be destroyed. Therefore it is dangerous.

5. What measures have been taken in India to counter regionalism?

            Realising the dangers of regionalism the founding fathers of the Constitution have provided autonomy to the states so that they can run their own governments. The central government co-ordinates the activities of the states to preserve the unity and integrity of the country and to avoid regional imbalances.

6. Name some of the social reformers and thinkers who fought against the evil of untouchability.

            Buddha,Basaveshwara, Dayanananda Saraswati, Gandhiji and Ambedkar were some of the social reformers who fought against the evil of untouchability.

7. What constitutional safeguards have been provided to protect the interests of the SCs and STs?     OR How the govt tried to safeguard the interests of SCs/STs?

            The Constitutional safeguards provided for protecting the interests of the SCs/STs are:

·         some seats are reserved for SC/ST in the State Assemblies and Lok Sabha.

·         Some constituencies are declared reserved from where only the candidates belonging to SC/ST can contest.

·         Certain percentage of jobs in the government and educational institutions are reserved for these categories.

·         Special and mobile courts have been set up to safeguard the rights of these people and also for the disposal of cases relating to the practice of untouchability.

8. What steps have been taken to promote education among the SC/ST?  OR What are the facilities provided to SCs and STs in the field of education?

            To promote education among the SCs and STs –

·         Free books are supplied by opening Book Banks.

·         Free boarding and lodging facilities are provided by opening hostels

·         Scholarships are given to students belonging to these communities.

·         Employment exchanges have been started for the disabled SCs and STs.

9. Why is the Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India set up?

            The Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India is set up to help the Scheduled Tribes to market the tribal produce.

10. Mention any 4 social reformers who fought for the cause of women’s upliftment. What were their goals?

            Raja Rammohan Roy, Jotirao Phule, Dayananda Sarawati and Mahatma Gandhi fought for the cause of women’s upliftment.

            Their goals were to abolish child marriage and sati, encourage women’s education and promote widow remarriage.

11. What are the measures taken by the govt after independence to improve the status/condition of women?

            Some of the measures taken by the government to improve the status of women are:

·         In matters of public employment, equal opportunities are given to both men and women

·         Facilities are provided for education of girls.

·         A commission is constituted for the welfare of women and children

·         Polygamy is discouraged by law.

·         child marriage, dowry system are abolished

·         Widow marriage is encouraged

·         Law is passed to give equal share to daughters in ancestral property.

·         In all walks of life, women are given equal opportunities along with men.

·         Govt has taken up various development programmes.

-          to provide shelter to such women who are in trouble.

-          Training and Employment Plan for women has come into force since 1987

-          Programmes like ‘Swayam Siddha’ ‘Stree Shakti’, Balika samruddhi Yojana, Rashtriya Mahila Vimochana are organised.

-          33% of the seats are reserved for women in local bodies

-          Social Welfare Department has introduced a two-year basic educational facility for women since 1958.

-          The year 2001 was declared as the Year of Women Empowerment.

12. Why is the development of children important?

The children of today are the  citizens of tomorrow. The future of the nation depends on their well being. Hence no nation can neglect the development of children.

13. Mention the reasons for the poverty in India. To eradicate poverty what steps are taken by the govt?

            The main reasons for poverty in India are:

·         the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few

·         non-payment of proper wages

·         lack of skills and training to increase the productivity of workers

·         lack of employment opportunities

·         the rapid growth in population

          To eradicate poverty the government has undertaken various programmes. The IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme) is a major step in this direction. Various facilities like :-

·         training the rural youth to resort to self-employment

·         loans to small farmers, agricultural and non-agricultural labourers, village artisans, scheduled castes and sceduled tribes, etc.

·         welfare programmes for women and children

·         employment programmes for the landless labourers

·         Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

·         Prime Minister’s Rural Roads Plan (Grammena Sadak Yojana)

·         Food for work, are extended to the people.

14. What are measures taken by the govt to secure economic equality?

To secure economic equality, the govt has taken a number of measures. They are:

•      According to the land reform
Acts, tiller is made the owner of the land.

•      In order to avoid regional imbalances, industries are located in different parts of the country.

•      Small and cottage industries are encouraged to provide employment opportunities to the masses.

•      Major commercial and industrial concerns are subjected to rules and regulations made by govt to help payment of proper wages and also subjecting them to taxation.

15. What are the effects of population explosion?

The population explosion has caused problems like unemployment, illiteracy and poverty.

16. Expand:  D.P.E.P.   – District Primary Education Programme

AGMARK: Agricultural Marketing

A.P.M.C.s :- Agricultural Produce Marketing Co-operatives

COFEPOSA:- Conservation of Foreign Exchange & Prevention of Smuggling Act.

I.R.D.P. :- Integrated Rural Development Programme.

N.R.E.P. :- National Rural Employment Programme.

U.N.O. :- United Nations Organisation

UNESCO:- United Nations Educaional, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

W.H.O. : World Health Organisation

I.M.F. :- International Monetary Fund

I.L.O. – International Labour Organisation

FAO -  Food and Agricultural Organisation

UNICEF – United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

I.B.R.D. – International Bank for Reconstruction and Devlopment

UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

W.T.O. – World Trade Organisation

G.A.T.T. – General Agreement on Trade and Tariff

NCERT – National Council of Educational Research and Training

NHEES – Nutrition and Health Education and Environment Sanitation

DACEP – Development Activities in Community Education and Participation

1. The biggest democracy in the world is __________________________ (             c       )

a. Great Britain     b. U.S.A.        c. India             d. Japan

2. The success of democracy depends upon _________________________ (          d          )

a. industrialization    b. prosperity of the nation   c. stable govt  d. educated class.

3. According to 2001 census, literacy percentage  among men & women in India is ____ ( d)

a. 39% men & 64% women   b. 54% men & 76% women 

c. 64%men & 39% women      d. 76% men & 54% women

4. The provision for free & compulsory education for all children upto the age of 14 is laid down in the_____(  d  )

a. Fundamental Rights  b. Preamble of the Constitution   c. Fundamental Duties   d. Directive Principles

5. “Promotion of educational interests of the SCs, STs, and other Weaker Sections” has laid down in _____(C      )

a. preamble of our constitution   b. our constitution  c. Directive Principles of State Policy   d. Article 16

6. According to 93^rd Amendment of the Constitution which one of the following is made a fundamental right? (a    )

a. Education   b. Culture    c. Religion     d. Equality

7. As per the 42^nd amendment, education comes under the ____________________ (c          )

a. State list     b. Central list      c. Concurrent list     d. Ministry of HRD

8. Incentives like midday meal, free text books, uniforms are provided to children with  objective of ______( c     )

a. removing poverty   b. bringing equality   c. attracting children to schools    d. improving school education

9. Sufficient teachers & infrastructure are provided to schools by the govt under the scheme _____ (  B      )

a. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan  b. Operation Black Board   c. Vidya Vikasa   d. National Literacy Drive

10. For the success of democracy education is a must because ____________ (b)

a. education helps the people to read the ballot paper

b. education helps them to understand and solve national & international problems

c. education helps them to understand their rights     d. education helps them to educate others

11. The policy which aims at universalisation of primary education is _________ (     B    )

a. Compulsory education   b. National Policy on Education   c. Adult Education  d. Policy of literacy campaign

12. To provide mid-day meals to students, the govt of Karnataka introduced ________ (       B    )

a. Vidya Vikas Yojana  b. Akshara Dasoha Yojana  c. Akshaya Yojana    d. Ksheera Yojana

13. Alternative system of education meant for children who cannot attend schools is called _____ (B               )

a. formal education    b. non-formal education    c. vocational education    d. job-oriented education

14. Vidya Vikas, Akshara Dasoha & Ksheera yojana were launched by the Govt of _____ (    A       _

a. Karnataka    b. Tamil Nadu    c. Kerala     d. Goa

15. National Policy on Education’ aims at ________________________ (A         )

a. universalisation of primary education       b. alternative system of education     c. increasing the financial alotment      to education every year      d. providing monetary incentives & basic ameneties to schools

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